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1 technical logic
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > technical logic
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2 technical logic
Математика: техническая логика -
3 technical logic
мат.технические логические устройства; техническая логика -
4 technical logic
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > technical logic
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5 logic
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6 техническая логика
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > техническая логика
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7 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
8 computer
1) компьютер; вычислительная машина; ЭВМ; вычислительное устройство; вычислитель; редк. процессор2) редк. счётная машина (см. тж calculator, machine)•- adaptive computer
- airborne computer
- all-applications computer
- all-purpose computer
- alternating-current analog computer
- analog computer
- analog-digital computer
- arbitrary sequence computer
- associative computer
- asynchronous computer
- automotive computer
- baby-sized computer
- back-end computer
- batch-oriented computer
- battery-operated computer
- binary computer
- binary-transfer computer
- board computer
- boutique computer
- brand-name computer
- breadboard computer
- buffered computer
- business computer
- business-oriented computer
- byte computer
- byte-organized computer
- byte-oriented computer
- cassette-based computer
- census computer
- central computer
- character-oriented computer
- chemical-based computer
- chess computer
- CISC computer
- commercial computer
- commodity computer
- communication computer
- communications oriented computer
- compatible computer
- complete-instruction-set computer
- concurrent computer
- consecutive computer
- consecutive sequence computer
- continuously acting computer
- control computer
- control flow computer
- correlation computer
- coupled computers
- cryogenic computer
- cryotron computer
- custom computer
- database computer
- data-flow computer
- decimal computer
- dedicated computer
- desk computer
- desk-size computer
- desk-top computer
- dialing set computer
- dial set computer
- digital computer
- direct execution computer
- direct-analogy computer
- direct-current computer
- diskless computer
- distributed logic computer
- drum computer
- dual-processor computer
- education computer
- electromechanical analog computer
- electronic tube computer
- electron tube computer
- electronic computer
- end-user computer
- ever-faster computer
- externally programmed computer
- fault-tolerant computer
- fifth-generation computer
- file computer
- first-generation computer
- fixed word-length computer
- fixed-point computer
- fixed-program computer
- flat screen computer
- floating-point computer
- fluid computer
- four-address computer
- fourth-generation computer
- fractional computer
- front-end computer
- gateway computer
- general-purpose computer
- giant computer
- giant-powered computer
- giant-scale computer
- giant-size computer
- gigacycle computer
- gigahertz computer
- guidance computer
- handheld computer
- high-end computer
- high-function computer
- high-level language computer
- high-level computer
- highly parallel computer
- high-performance computer
- high-speed computer
- hobby computer
- home banking computer
- home computer
- host computer
- hybrid computer
- IBM-compatible computer
- IC computer
- incompatible computer
- incremental computer
- industrial computer
- integrated circuit computer
- interface computer
- interim computer
- intermediate computer
- internally programmed computer
- Internet computer
- keyboard computer
- kid computer
- laptop computer
- large computer
- large-powered computer
- large-scale computer
- large-scale integration circuit computer
- large-size computer
- laser computer
- linkage computer
- local computer
- logical computer
- logic computer
- logic-controlled sequential computer
- logic-in-memory computer
- low-end computer
- low-profile computer
- low-speed computer
- LSI computer
- mainframe computer
- massively parallel computer
- master computer
- mechanical computer
- medium computer
- medium-powered computer
- medium-size computer
- medium-speed computer
- medium-to-large scale computer
- mediun-scale computer
- megacycle computer
- megahertz computer
- microprogrammable computer
- microwave computer
- mid-range computer
- molecular computer
- monoprocessor computer
- multiaddress computer
- multi-MIPS computer
- multiple-access computer
- multiple-user computer
- multiprocessor computer
- multiprogrammed computer
- multipurpose computer
- multiradix computer
- navigation computer
- net node computer
- networked computer
- N-node computer
- no-address computer
- node computer
- nonsequential computer
- nonstop computer
- non-von Neumann computer
- notebook computer
- object computer
- office computer
- off-the-shelf computer
- one-address computer
- one-and-half-address computer
- one-on-one computer
- one-purpose computer
- optical computer
- optical path computer
- original computer
- palm-size computer - parallel-processing computer
- parallel-serial computer
- parametric-electronic computer
- parametron computer
- pen-based computer
- pentop computer
- perihperal support computer
- peripheral computer
- personal computer
- pictorial computer
- pipeline computer
- plugboard computer
- plug-compatible computer
- plugged program computer
- pneumatic computer
- pocket computer
- Polish-string computer
- polynomial computer
- portable computer
- process control computer
- production control computer
- professional computer
- professional personal computer
- program-compatible computer
- program-controlled computer
- programmed computer
- punch-card computer
- rack-size computer
- radix two computer
- real-time computer
- recovering computer
- reduced instruction set computer
- reduction computer
- remote computer
- repetitive computer
- RISC computer
- satellite computer
- scientific computer
- second-generation computer
- secondhand computer
- self-adapting computer
- self-organizing computer
- self-programming computer
- self-repairing computer
- self-repair computer
- sensor-based computer
- sequence-controlled computer
- sequenced computer
- sequential computer
- serial computer
- service computer
- service-oriented computer
- SIMD computer
- simultaneous-operation computer
- simultaneous computer
- single-address computer
- single-board computer
- single-purpose computer
- single-user computer
- slave computer
- small computer
- small-powered computer
- small-scale computer
- small-size computer
- soft-compatible computer
- solid-state computer
- SOS computer
- source computer
- space computer
- spaceborne computer
- special-purpose computer
- special computer
- square-root computer
- stack-oriented computer
- standby computer
- statistical computer
- steering computer
- stored-program computer
- subscriber computer
- super computer
- superconductive computer
- superhigh-speed computer
- superpersonal computer
- superspeed computer
- supervisory computer
- switch-control computer
- switching computer
- symbolic computer
- synchronous computer
- synchronous tracking computer
- tagged computer
- talking computer
- target computer
- technical computer
- technical personal computer
- terminal computer
- terminal control computer
- ternary-transfer computer
- tessellated computer
- thermal computer
- thin-film memory computer
- third-generation computer
- three-address computer
- three-dimensional analog computer
- timeshared computer
- top level computer
- top-of-the-line computer
- toy computer
- training computer
- transformation computer
- transistorized computer
- transistor computer
- translating computer
- tridimensional analog computer
- trip computer
- truth-table computer
- Turing-type computer
- two-address computer
- ultrafast computer
- underlying computer
- user computer
- vacuum tube computer
- variable word-length computer
- very-high-speed computer
- video-and-cassette-based computer
- virtual computer
- von Neumann computer
- wearable computer
- weather computer
- wired-program computer
- word-oriented computer
- workgroup computer
- X-computer
- zero-address computerEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > computer
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9 control
1) управление; регулирование || управлять; регулировать2) контроль || контролировать3) управляющее устройство; устройство управления; регулятор4) профессиональное мастерство, квалификация, техническая квалификация5) pl органы управления•"in control" — "в поле допуска" ( о результатах измерения)
to control closed loop — управлять в замкнутой системе; регулировать в замкнутой системе
- 2-handed controlsto control open loop — управлять в разомкнутой системе; регулировать в разомкнутой системе
- 32-bit CPU control
- acceptance control
- access control
- acknowledge control
- active process control
- adaptable control
- adaptive constraint control
- adaptive control for optimization
- adaptive control
- adaptive feed rate control
- adaptive quality control
- adjustable feed control
- adjustable rotary control
- adjustable speed control
- adjusting control
- adjustment control
- AI control
- air logic control
- analog data distribution and control
- analogical control
- analytical control
- application control
- arrows-on-curves control
- autodepth control
- autofeed control
- automated control of a document management system
- automated technical control
- automatic backlash control
- automatic control
- automatic editing control
- automatic gain control
- automatic gripper control
- automatic level control
- automatic process closed loop control
- automatic remote control
- automatic sensitivity control
- automatic sequence control
- automatic speed control
- automatic stability controls
- auxiliaries control
- balanced controls
- band width control
- bang-bang control
- bang-bang-off control
- basic CNC control
- batch control
- bibliographic control
- bin level control
- boost control
- built-in control
- button control
- cam control
- cam throttle control
- camshaft control
- carriage control
- Cartesian path control
- Cartesian space control
- cascade control
- C-axis spindle control
- cell control
- center control
- central control
- central supervisory control
- centralized control
- centralized electronic control
- central-station control
- changeover control
- chip control
- circumferential register control
- close control
- closed cycle control
- closed loop control
- closed loop machine control
- closed loop manual control
- closed loop numerical control
- closed loop position control
- clutch control
- CNC control
- CNC indexer control
- CNC programmable control
- CNC symbolic conversational control
- CNC/CRT control
- CNC/MDI control
- coarse control
- coded current control
- coded current remote control
- color control
- combination control
- command-line control
- compensatory control
- composition control
- compound control
- computed-current control
- computed-torque control
- computer control
- computer numerical control
- computer process control
- computer-aided measurement and control
- computer-integrated manufacturing control
- computerized control
- computerized numerical control
- computerized process control
- constant surface speed control
- constant value control
- contactless control
- contact-sensing control
- contamination control
- continuous control
- continuous path control
- continuous process control
- contour profile control
- contouring control
- conventional hardware control
- conventional numerical control
- conventional tape control
- convergent control
- conversational control
- conversational MDI control
- coordinate positioning control
- coordinate programmable control
- copymill control
- counter control
- crossed controls
- current control
- cycle control
- dash control
- data link control
- data storage control
- deadman's handle controls
- depth control
- derivative control
- dial-in control
- differential control
- differential gaging control
- differential gain control
- differential temperature control
- digital brushless servo control
- digital control
- digital position control
- digital readout controls
- dimensional control
- direct computer control
- direct control
- direct digital control
- direct numerical control
- direction control
- directional control
- dirt control
- discontinuous control
- discrete control
- discrete event control
- discrete logic controls
- dispatching control
- displacement control
- distance control
- distant control
- distributed control
- distributed numerical control
- distributed zone control
- distribution control
- dog control
- drum control
- dual control
- dual-mode control
- duplex control
- dust control
- dynamic control
- eccentric control
- edge position control
- EDP control
- electrical control
- electrofluidic control
- electromagnetic control
- electronic control
- electronic level control
- electronic speed control
- electronic swivel control
- elevating control
- emergency control
- end-point control
- engineering change control
- engineering control
- entity control
- environmental control
- error control
- error plus error-rate control
- error-free control
- external beam control
- factory-floor control
- false control
- feed control
- feed drive controls
- feedback control
- feed-forward control
- field control
- fine control
- finger-tip control
- firm-wired numerical control
- fixed control
- fixed-feature control
- fixture-and-tool control
- flexible-body control
- floating control
- flow control
- fluid flow control
- follow-up control
- foot pedal control
- force adaptive control
- forecasting compensatory control
- fork control
- four quadrant control
- freely programmable CNC control
- frequency control
- FROG control
- full computer control
- full order control
- full spindle control
- gage measurement control
- gain control
- ganged control
- gap control
- gear control
- generative numerical control
- generic path control
- geometric adaptive control
- graphic numerical control
- group control
- grouped control
- guidance control
- hairbreath control
- hand control
- hand feed control
- hand wheel control
- hand-held controls
- handle-type control
- hand-operated controls
- hardened computer control
- hardwared control
- hardwared numerical control
- heating control
- heterarchical control
- hierarchical control
- high-integrity control
- high-level robot control
- high-low control
- high-low level control
- high-technology control
- horizontal directional control
- humidity control
- hybrid control
- hydraulic control
- I/O control
- immediate postprocess control
- inching control
- in-cycle control
- independent control
- indexer control
- indirect control
- individual control
- industrial processing control
- industrial-style controls
- infinite control
- infinite speed control
- in-process control
- in-process size control
- in-process size diameters control
- input/output control
- integral CNC control
- integral control
- integrated control
- intelligent control
- interacting control
- interconnected controls
- interlinking control
- inventory control
- job control
- jogging control
- joint control
- joystick control
- just-in-time control
- language-based control
- laser health hazards control
- latching control
- lead control
- learning control
- lever control
- lever-operated control
- line motion control
- linear control
- linear path control
- linearity control
- load control
- load-frequency control
- local control
- local-area control
- logic control
- lubricating oil level control
- machine control
- machine programming control
- machine shop control
- macro control
- magnetic control
- magnetic tape control
- main computer control
- malfunction control
- management control
- manual control
- manual data input control
- manual stop control
- manually actuatable controls
- manufacturing change control
- manufacturing control
- master control
- material flow control
- MDI control
- measured response control
- mechanical control
- memory NC control
- memory-type control
- metering control
- metrological control of production field
- microbased control
- microcomputer CNC control
- microcomputer numerical control
- microcomputer-based sequence control
- microprocessor control
- microprocessor numerical control
- microprogrammed control
- microprogramming control
- milling control
- model reference adaptive control
- model-based control
- moisture control
- motion control
- motor control
- motor speed control
- mouse-driven control
- movable control
- multicircuit control
- multidiameter control
- multilevel control
- multimachine tool control
- multiple control
- multiple-processor control
- multiposition control
- multistep control
- multivariable control
- narrow-band proportional control
- navigation control
- NC control
- neural network adaptive control
- noise control
- noncorresponding control
- noninteracting control
- noninterfacing control
- nonreversable control
- nonsimultaneous control
- numerical contouring control
- numerical control
- numerical program control
- odd control
- off-line control
- oligarchical control
- on-board control
- one-axis point-to-point control
- one-dimensional point-to-point control
- on-line control
- on-off control
- open loop control
- open loop manual control
- open loop numerical control
- open-architecture control
- operating control
- operational control
- operator control
- optical pattern tracing control
- optimal control
- optimalizing control
- optimizing control
- oral numerical control
- organoleptic control
- overall control
- overheat control
- override control
- p. b. control
- palm control
- parameter adaptive control
- parameter adjustment control
- partial d.o.f. control
- path control
- pattern control
- pattern tracing control
- PC control
- PC-based control
- peg board control
- pendant control
- pendant-actuated control
- pendant-mounted control
- performance control
- photoelectric control
- physical alignment control
- PIC control
- PID control
- plugboard control
- plug-in control
- pneumatic control
- point-to-point control
- pose-to-pose control
- position/contouring numerical control
- position/force control
- positional control
- positioning control
- positive control
- postprocess quality control
- power adaptive control
- power control
- power feed control
- power-assisted control
- powered control
- power-operated control
- precision control
- predictor control
- preselective control
- preset control
- presetting control
- pressbutton control
- pressure control
- preview control
- process control
- process quality control
- production activity control
- production control
- production result control
- programmable adaptive control
- programmable cam control
- programmable control
- programmable logic adaptive control
- programmable logic control
- programmable machine control
- programmable microprocessor control
- programmable numerical control
- programmable sequence control
- proportional plus derivative control
- proportional plus floating control
- proportional plus integral control
- prototype control
- pulse control
- pulse duration control
- punched-tape control
- purpose-built control
- pushbutton control
- quality control
- radio remote control
- radium control
- rail-elevating control
- ram stroke control
- ram-positioning control
- rapid-traverse controls for the heads
- rate control
- ratio control
- reactive control
- real-time control
- reduced-order control
- register control
- registration control
- relay control
- relay-contactor control
- remote control
- remote program control
- remote switching control
- remote valve control
- remote-dispatch control
- resistance control
- resolved motion rate control
- retarded control
- reversal control
- revolution control
- rigid-body control
- robot control
- robot perimeter control
- robot teach control
- rod control
- safety control
- sampled-data control
- sampling control
- schedule control
- SCR's control
- second derivative control
- selective control
- selectivity control
- self-acting control
- self-adaptive control
- self-adjusting control
- self-aligning control
- self-operated control
- self-optimizing control
- self-programming microprocessor control
- semi-automatic control
- sensitivity control
- sensor-based control
- sequence control
- sequence-type control
- sequential control
- series-parallel control
- servo control
- servo speed control
- servomotor control
- servo-operated control
- set value control
- shaft speed control
- shape control
- shift control
- shop control
- shower and high-pressure oil temperature control
- shut off control
- sight control
- sign control
- single variable control
- single-flank control
- single-lever control
- size control
- slide control
- smooth control
- software-based NC control
- softwared numerical control
- solid-state logic control
- space-follow-up control
- speed control
- stabilizing control
- stable control
- standalone control
- start controls
- static control
- station control
- statistical quality control
- steering control
- step-by-step control
- stepless control
- stepped control
- stick control
- stock control
- stop controls
- stop-point control
- storage assignment control
- straight cut control
- straight line control
- stroke control
- stroke length control
- supervisor production control
- supervisory control
- swarf control
- switch control
- symbolic control
- synchronous data link control
- table control
- tap-depth controls
- tape control
- tape loop control
- teach controls
- temperature control
- temperature-humidity air control
- template control
- tension control
- test control
- thermal control
- thermostatic control
- three-axis contouring control
- three-axis point-to-point control
- three-axis tape control
- three-mode control
- three-position control
- throttle control
- thumbwheel control
- time control
- time cycle control
- time optimal control
- time variable control
- time-critical control
- time-proportional control
- timing control
- token-passing access control
- tool life control
- tool run-time control
- torque control
- total quality control
- touch-panel NC control
- touch-screen control
- tracer control
- tracer numerical control
- trajectory control
- triac control
- trip-dog control
- TRS/rate control
- tuning control
- turnstile control
- two-axis contouring control
- two-axis point-to-point control
- two-dimension control
- two-hand controls
- two-position control
- two-position differential gap control
- two-step control
- undamped control
- user-adjustable override controls
- user-programmable NC control
- variable flow control
- variable speed control
- variety control
- varying voltage control
- velocity-based look-ahead control
- vise control
- vision responsive control
- visual control
- vocabulary control
- vocal CNC control
- vocal numerical control
- voltage control
- warehouse control
- washdown control
- water-supply control
- welding control
- wheel control
- wide-band control
- zero set control
- zoned track controlEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > control
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10 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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11 TCL
1) Компьютерная техника: Toolkit Command Language2) Медицина: T cell lines3) Спорт: Tri County League4) Военный термин: Technical Command Lingo, transfer chemical laser, transportable calibration laboratory, troposcatter communications link, typical combat load6) Религия: Training Christian Leaders7) Оптика: through-camera-lens8) Университет: Textbook Citation List9) Вычислительная техника: Tool Control Language, transistor-coupled logic, tool command language10) Фирменный знак: The Cookie Laboratory11) Деловая лексика: Technical Control Language12) Химическое оружие: target compound list13) Расширение файла: Tool Command Language script source code14) Аэропорты: Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA -
12 TL
1) Общая лексика: temperature leaving, лидер команды2) Компьютерная техника: Target Language, Template Library3) Авиация: Transit Level ( NATO) (Altitude blocks for deconfliction and identification of inbound/outbound air traffic)4) Медицина: Thiamine Lethal5) Спорт: Tournament Level6) Военный термин: Target Locations, Trailer Life, target list, technical letter, test laboratory, test load, time lengths, total load, transmittal letter, transporter loader, troop leader7) Техника: Top Left, Top Loader, Top Low, Trim And Lining, talk-listen, thermoluminescence, threshold logic, tracker lock, Tan Line( линия сопряжения (обечайки с днищем))8) Шутливое выражение: Terrible Lizard, Tough And Long, Turd Launcher9) Математика: Tree List, Trigram Lines, длительность (time length), продолжительность (time length)11) Грубое выражение: Thrills The Ladies, Tight Lips12) Музыка: Tempo Loss, Tune Light13) Оптика: transforming lens14) Политика: Tokelau15) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Lead16) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Central African Republic), Tagalog, Technical Library, Truck Load (see also LTL), Turkish Lira, Turkish Liras, thrust line, tie line, time limit, trial17) Текстиль: Teeny Little18) Университет: Tech Level, Technology Level, Term Levels19) Физика: Temporal Logic, Time Line, Top Layer20) Физиология: Tubal ligation21) Школьное выражение: Thomas Lincoln22) Электроника: Transmission Loss23) Сленг: комплимент (обычно ответный), когда тот, кому первому сделали комплимент, смущён этим обстоятельством24) Вычислительная техника: transmission level, transmission line, Transform and Lighting (3D), Telecommunication Leadership (standard, QuEST)25) Нефть: temperature log26) Биохимия: Total Lipid27) Рыбоводство: Target Loss28) Банковское дело: ссуда с определённым сроком погашения (time loan)29) Транспорт: The Loop, Touring Luxury, Trailer Load, Truckload30) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Loaded31) Фирменный знак: Transfer Listed, Treasured Learning32) Экология: tolerance limit33) СМИ: The Lattice, Thin Line, Title Line, True Life34) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: tangent line35) Инвестиции: time loan36) Сетевые технологии: Transport Layer37) ЕБРР: Team Leader38) Полимеры: time length, tubeless39) Программирование: Type Locality40) Автоматика: tool, transfer line, автоматическая линия41) Полупроводники: tunneling-electron luminescence42) Сахалин Ю: low pressure condensate44) Макаров: термолюминесценция45) Пожарное дело: turntable ladder46) Нефть и газ: telephone, ответственность за ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ответственность за ущерб природе и третьим лицам, ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ущерб природе и третьим лицам, TPL47) Карачаганак: trunk line48) Имена и фамилии: Timothy Leary, Tory Lee, Trent Lott49) Евросоюз: турецкие лиры50) Общественная организация: Tough Love51) Должность: Test Leader52) Чат: True Love53) Программное обеспечение: Top Level54) Единицы измерений: True Length55) СМС: Tough Luck56) Библиотечное дело: Toronto Libraries -
13 Tl
1) Общая лексика: temperature leaving, лидер команды2) Компьютерная техника: Target Language, Template Library3) Авиация: Transit Level ( NATO) (Altitude blocks for deconfliction and identification of inbound/outbound air traffic)4) Медицина: Thiamine Lethal5) Спорт: Tournament Level6) Военный термин: Target Locations, Trailer Life, target list, technical letter, test laboratory, test load, time lengths, total load, transmittal letter, transporter loader, troop leader7) Техника: Top Left, Top Loader, Top Low, Trim And Lining, talk-listen, thermoluminescence, threshold logic, tracker lock, Tan Line( линия сопряжения (обечайки с днищем))8) Шутливое выражение: Terrible Lizard, Tough And Long, Turd Launcher9) Математика: Tree List, Trigram Lines, длительность (time length), продолжительность (time length)11) Грубое выражение: Thrills The Ladies, Tight Lips12) Музыка: Tempo Loss, Tune Light13) Оптика: transforming lens14) Политика: Tokelau15) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Lead16) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Central African Republic), Tagalog, Technical Library, Truck Load (see also LTL), Turkish Lira, Turkish Liras, thrust line, tie line, time limit, trial17) Текстиль: Teeny Little18) Университет: Tech Level, Technology Level, Term Levels19) Физика: Temporal Logic, Time Line, Top Layer20) Физиология: Tubal ligation21) Школьное выражение: Thomas Lincoln22) Электроника: Transmission Loss23) Сленг: комплимент (обычно ответный), когда тот, кому первому сделали комплимент, смущён этим обстоятельством24) Вычислительная техника: transmission level, transmission line, Transform and Lighting (3D), Telecommunication Leadership (standard, QuEST)25) Нефть: temperature log26) Биохимия: Total Lipid27) Рыбоводство: Target Loss28) Банковское дело: ссуда с определённым сроком погашения (time loan)29) Транспорт: The Loop, Touring Luxury, Trailer Load, Truckload30) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Loaded31) Фирменный знак: Transfer Listed, Treasured Learning32) Экология: tolerance limit33) СМИ: The Lattice, Thin Line, Title Line, True Life34) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: tangent line35) Инвестиции: time loan36) Сетевые технологии: Transport Layer37) ЕБРР: Team Leader38) Полимеры: time length, tubeless39) Программирование: Type Locality40) Автоматика: tool, transfer line, автоматическая линия41) Полупроводники: tunneling-electron luminescence42) Сахалин Ю: low pressure condensate44) Макаров: термолюминесценция45) Пожарное дело: turntable ladder46) Нефть и газ: telephone, ответственность за ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ответственность за ущерб природе и третьим лицам, ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ущерб природе и третьим лицам, TPL47) Карачаганак: trunk line48) Имена и фамилии: Timothy Leary, Tory Lee, Trent Lott49) Евросоюз: турецкие лиры50) Общественная организация: Tough Love51) Должность: Test Leader52) Чат: True Love53) Программное обеспечение: Top Level54) Единицы измерений: True Length55) СМС: Tough Luck56) Библиотечное дело: Toronto Libraries -
14 tcl
1) Компьютерная техника: Toolkit Command Language2) Медицина: T cell lines3) Спорт: Tri County League4) Военный термин: Technical Command Lingo, transfer chemical laser, transportable calibration laboratory, troposcatter communications link, typical combat load6) Религия: Training Christian Leaders7) Оптика: through-camera-lens8) Университет: Textbook Citation List9) Вычислительная техника: Tool Control Language, transistor-coupled logic, tool command language10) Фирменный знак: The Cookie Laboratory11) Деловая лексика: Technical Control Language12) Химическое оружие: target compound list13) Расширение файла: Tool Command Language script source code14) Аэропорты: Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA -
15 tl
1) Общая лексика: temperature leaving, лидер команды2) Компьютерная техника: Target Language, Template Library3) Авиация: Transit Level ( NATO) (Altitude blocks for deconfliction and identification of inbound/outbound air traffic)4) Медицина: Thiamine Lethal5) Спорт: Tournament Level6) Военный термин: Target Locations, Trailer Life, target list, technical letter, test laboratory, test load, time lengths, total load, transmittal letter, transporter loader, troop leader7) Техника: Top Left, Top Loader, Top Low, Trim And Lining, talk-listen, thermoluminescence, threshold logic, tracker lock, Tan Line( линия сопряжения (обечайки с днищем))8) Шутливое выражение: Terrible Lizard, Tough And Long, Turd Launcher9) Математика: Tree List, Trigram Lines, длительность (time length), продолжительность (time length)11) Грубое выражение: Thrills The Ladies, Tight Lips12) Музыка: Tempo Loss, Tune Light13) Оптика: transforming lens14) Политика: Tokelau15) Телекоммуникации: Telephone Lead16) Сокращение: Civil aircraft marking (Central African Republic), Tagalog, Technical Library, Truck Load (see also LTL), Turkish Lira, Turkish Liras, thrust line, tie line, time limit, trial17) Текстиль: Teeny Little18) Университет: Tech Level, Technology Level, Term Levels19) Физика: Temporal Logic, Time Line, Top Layer20) Физиология: Tubal ligation21) Школьное выражение: Thomas Lincoln22) Электроника: Transmission Loss23) Сленг: комплимент (обычно ответный), когда тот, кому первому сделали комплимент, смущён этим обстоятельством24) Вычислительная техника: transmission level, transmission line, Transform and Lighting (3D), Telecommunication Leadership (standard, QuEST)25) Нефть: temperature log26) Биохимия: Total Lipid27) Рыбоводство: Target Loss28) Банковское дело: ссуда с определённым сроком погашения (time loan)29) Транспорт: The Loop, Touring Luxury, Trailer Load, Truckload30) Пищевая промышленность: Totally Loaded31) Фирменный знак: Transfer Listed, Treasured Learning32) Экология: tolerance limit33) СМИ: The Lattice, Thin Line, Title Line, True Life34) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: tangent line35) Инвестиции: time loan36) Сетевые технологии: Transport Layer37) ЕБРР: Team Leader38) Полимеры: time length, tubeless39) Программирование: Type Locality40) Автоматика: tool, transfer line, автоматическая линия41) Полупроводники: tunneling-electron luminescence42) Сахалин Ю: low pressure condensate44) Макаров: термолюминесценция45) Пожарное дело: turntable ladder46) Нефть и газ: telephone, ответственность за ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ответственность за ущерб природе и третьим лицам, ущерб государству и третьим лицам, ущерб природе и третьим лицам, TPL47) Карачаганак: trunk line48) Имена и фамилии: Timothy Leary, Tory Lee, Trent Lott49) Евросоюз: турецкие лиры50) Общественная организация: Tough Love51) Должность: Test Leader52) Чат: True Love53) Программное обеспечение: Top Level54) Единицы измерений: True Length55) СМС: Tough Luck56) Библиотечное дело: Toronto Libraries -
16 MTR
1) Компьютерная техника: meteor trail radar2) Американизм: Marginal Tax Revenue3) Военный термин: Military Technical Revolution, manpower training and recruitment, master technical record, maximum tracking range, mean time to removal, mean time to repair, military temperature range, military training route, missile track radar, mobile test rig, monopulse tracking receiver, multiple track radar, multiple tracking range, реактор для испытания материалов4) Техника: main transformer, manual tracking radar, mass transfer rate, metal testing reactor, missile-track radar, multitrack range, Material Test Report5) Железнодорожный термин: Youngstown and Southern Railway Company6) Горное дело: Mountain top removal (mountaintop removal mining / mountain rage removal) - взрывной способ добычи с дроблением вскрышной породы (подземная разработка месторождений)7) Телекоммуникации: Mobile Termination Rate8) Сокращение: MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce GmbH (Germany), Magnetic Tape Recording, Marked Target Receiver, Mass Transit Railway Corporation Limited (одна из коропораций, обслуживающих метро в Гонконге), Military Technical Revolution (USA), Missile Tracking Radar, Mobile Test Rig (USA), metering, meter (instrument)9) Физиология: Magnetization Transfer Ratio, Masses, Tenderness, Rebound10) Электроника: Multi Track Recorder11) Вычислительная техника: Mining Table Repository (OP, Oracle, DB)12) Нефть: mechanical tubing release, minimum technological requirements, среднее время восстановления (mean time to recover)13) Транспорт: Major Transportation Route, Mass Transit Railway, Military Training Routes, Motor Technical Reference14) Воздухоплавание: Migration Traffic Rate15) Фирменный знак: Moon Town Records16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: material test report (mill test report)17) Микроэлектроника: merged transistor logic18) Полимеры: material testing reactor19) Ядерная физика: Materials Testing Reactor20) Контроль качества: mean time to recover21) Океанография: Miniature Temperature Recorder22) Химическое оружие: material transfer robot23) NYSE. Mesa Realty Trust25) НАСА: Magnetic Tape Recorder26) Единицы измерений: Materials Technology Research27) Музеи: Museum Of Tv And Radio -
17 mtr
1) Компьютерная техника: meteor trail radar2) Американизм: Marginal Tax Revenue3) Военный термин: Military Technical Revolution, manpower training and recruitment, master technical record, maximum tracking range, mean time to removal, mean time to repair, military temperature range, military training route, missile track radar, mobile test rig, monopulse tracking receiver, multiple track radar, multiple tracking range, реактор для испытания материалов4) Техника: main transformer, manual tracking radar, mass transfer rate, metal testing reactor, missile-track radar, multitrack range, Material Test Report5) Железнодорожный термин: Youngstown and Southern Railway Company6) Горное дело: Mountain top removal (mountaintop removal mining / mountain rage removal) - взрывной способ добычи с дроблением вскрышной породы (подземная разработка месторождений)7) Телекоммуникации: Mobile Termination Rate8) Сокращение: MTU Turbomeca Rolls-Royce GmbH (Germany), Magnetic Tape Recording, Marked Target Receiver, Mass Transit Railway Corporation Limited (одна из коропораций, обслуживающих метро в Гонконге), Military Technical Revolution (USA), Missile Tracking Radar, Mobile Test Rig (USA), metering, meter (instrument)9) Физиология: Magnetization Transfer Ratio, Masses, Tenderness, Rebound10) Электроника: Multi Track Recorder11) Вычислительная техника: Mining Table Repository (OP, Oracle, DB)12) Нефть: mechanical tubing release, minimum technological requirements, среднее время восстановления (mean time to recover)13) Транспорт: Major Transportation Route, Mass Transit Railway, Military Training Routes, Motor Technical Reference14) Воздухоплавание: Migration Traffic Rate15) Фирменный знак: Moon Town Records16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: material test report (mill test report)17) Микроэлектроника: merged transistor logic18) Полимеры: material testing reactor19) Ядерная физика: Materials Testing Reactor20) Контроль качества: mean time to recover21) Океанография: Miniature Temperature Recorder22) Химическое оружие: material transfer robot23) NYSE. Mesa Realty Trust25) НАСА: Magnetic Tape Recorder26) Единицы измерений: Materials Technology Research27) Музеи: Museum Of Tv And Radio -
18 HTL
1) Военный термин: helicopter transportable launcher2) Техника: Heat Transfer Laboratory, heat transfer loop, high threshold logic3) Оптика: high-threshold logic4) Сокращение: High-level Transistor Logic5) Иммунология: helper T lymphocyte6) Картография: high tide level7) Фирменный знак: Harold Technical Labs8) Сетевые технологии: Hops To Live9) Химическое оружие: Hazard tracking log10) Табачная промышленность: homogenized tobacco leaf11) Электротехника: high-intensity lighting12) AMEX. Heartland Partners, L. P. -
19 Htl
1) Военный термин: helicopter transportable launcher2) Техника: Heat Transfer Laboratory, heat transfer loop, high threshold logic3) Оптика: high-threshold logic4) Сокращение: High-level Transistor Logic5) Иммунология: helper T lymphocyte6) Картография: high tide level7) Фирменный знак: Harold Technical Labs8) Сетевые технологии: Hops To Live9) Химическое оружие: Hazard tracking log10) Табачная промышленность: homogenized tobacco leaf11) Электротехника: high-intensity lighting12) AMEX. Heartland Partners, L. P. -
20 TDL
1) Компьютерная техника: Target Description Language, Taxis Design Language2) Спорт: Team Dueling League3) Военный термин: tactical data link, target development laboratory, technical documents list, telemetry data link, threshold damage level, threshold detection level, toxic dose, low4) Техника: tapped delay line5) Религия: The Dark Library6) Грубое выражение: Too Damn Loud7) Оптика: tunable diode laser8) Вычислительная техника: transistor-diode logic, tunnel-diode logic9) Нефть: temperature difference log, thermal decay log10) Иммунология: thoracic duct lymphocyte12) Фирменный знак: The Diamond Lane, Tokyo Disney Land, Tokyo Disneyland, Tulip Development Laboratory, Turfgrass Diagnostic Laboratory13) Деловая лексика: To Do List14) Бурение: ГИС через бурильную колонну, геофизические исследования скважины через бурильную колонну, каротаж через бурильную колонну, through drill stem logging, through drill-stem logging, through drillstem logging15) Образование: Teaching Diverse Learners16) Автоматика: task description language
См. также в других словарях:
Logic — • A historical survey from Indian and Pre Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Logic Logic … Catholic encyclopedia
Logic and the philosophy of mathematics in the nineteenth century — John Stillwell INTRODUCTION In its history of over two thousand years, mathematics has seldom been disturbed by philosophical disputes. Ever since Plato, who is said to have put the slogan ‘Let no one who is not a geometer enter here’ over the… … History of philosophy
Logic programming — is, in its broadest sense, the use of mathematical logic for computer programming. In this view of logic programming, which can be traced at least as far back as John McCarthy s [1958] advice taker proposal, logic is used as a purely declarative… … Wikipedia
Logic Made Easy — is a book by Deborah J. Bennett (ISBN 0 393 05748 8). It was published in April 2004 by W.W. Norton Company. Its tagline is How to Know When Language Deceives You . This aptly describes its theme of the analysis of just exactly what common words… … Wikipedia
Logic model — The logic model is a general framework for describing work in an organization. Since work is often packaged in programs, it is often referred to as the program logic model. Definition In its simplest form, the logic model analyzes work into four… … Wikipedia
logic, history of — Introduction the history of the discipline from its origins among the ancient Greeks to the present time. Origins of logic in the West Precursors of ancient logic There was a medieval tradition according to which the Greek philosopher … Universalium
logic, philosophy of — Philosophical study of the nature and scope of logic. Examples of questions raised in the philosophy of logic are: In virtue of what features of reality are the laws of logic true? ; How do we know the truths of logic? ; and Could the laws of… … Universalium
logic — logicless, adj. /loj ik/, n. 1. the science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference. 2. a particular method of reasoning or argumentation: We were unable to follow his logic. 3. the system or principles of… … Universalium
logic — lo|gic [ˈlɔdʒık US ˈla: ] n [Date: 1300 1400; : French; Origin: logique, from Latin logica, from Greek logike, from logos speech, word, reason ] 1.) [singular, U] a way of thinking about something that seems correct and reasonable, or a set of… … Dictionary of contemporary English
logic — noun 1 (U) the science or study of careful reasoning using formal methods 2 (U) a set of reasons someone uses in order to reach an opinion: I couldn t follow Pete s logic. 3 (singular, uncountable) sensible reasons or reasonable thinking: there… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Technical challenges of quantum computers — Requirements for physical implementationsDiVincenzo has classified the main ingredients that a physical system should possess in order to be a candidate for a quantum computer. They are: * Quantum register: A scalable physical system with well… … Wikipedia